Hyderabadi Muslims, also referred to as Hyderabadis[3][4] are an ethnoreligious community of Urdu-speaking Muslims, part of a larger group of Deccani people, from the area that used to be the princely state of Hyderabad in India in the regions of Marathwada, Telangana, and Hyderabad-Karnataka.[5]. He has authored many tracts and also possesses poetic faculty[64]. His son Humayun succeeded him, who inherited his military and Sufi-hanafi orientation. [152] As far as armed violence is concerned, the medieval period has only few examples of Shias being killed for their beliefs, most notable incidents are the killing of Abdullah Shah Ghazi in 769 AD,[153] the destruction of Multan in 1005 AD, the persecution of Shias at the hands of Sultan Feroz Shah (1351–1388 AD),[45] and the target killing of Mullah Ahmad Thathavi in 1589 AD. Such social innovations were deemed to be at the root of civil disturbances in a combustible religious society like India, and the British, in their keenness to maintain law and order, actively discouraged them. Business was transacted as usual in the Hindu localities’, ‘Bomb thrown on procession’. [156] He continued to criticise the Shias in his books like Qurat-ul Ainain (قراۃ العینین), Azalah-tul Khafa (ازالۃ الخفا), Fayyuz-ul Haramain (فیوض الحرمین), etc. [181], While Syed Ahmad's military adventure failed costing him his life, his ideological legacy continued in the Deoband school of thought. University of Pennsylvania, (2010). Shia is pretty much all there is in Hyderabad. [222] In October 2001, Mufti Nizam al-Din Shamzai, a renowned Deobandi religious authority, issued a fatwa calling for Jihad against the US and Pakistani States. India also has the Birthday of Imam Ali as public Holiday in states of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, whose capital Lucknow is considered as the centre of India's Shiite Muslim community. The Sherwani is the traditional men's garb of Hyderabad. The descendants of Mirza Faridun Beg, who was an influential elite at the court of Mir Karam Ali Talpur, contributed a lot to popularization of Muharram rituals. Furious Sunni mob attacked Zadibal neighborhood and torched the houses belonging to the Shias. However, as per an estimation of one reputed Shiite NGO Alimaan Trust, India's Shia population in early 2000 was around 30 million with Sayyids comprising just over half of the entire Shia population[4]. Shia personalities of the past who are perceived as heroes, like Jinnah in Pakistan and Siraj-ul Daula, are painted as Sunnis.[239]. [224], It has been quoted by the terrorists groups as religious justification of their acts of violence, such as targeting government offices and spreading chaos through suicide bombings. The chief event is on the last night, when it seems as if a Pharoah had killed all the infants in one night. Military Report and Gazetteer of the Gilgit Agency, 2nd ed., pp. According to recent estimates, Hyderabad Metropolitan area or Hyderabad Urban Agglomeration is all set to cross 14.5 million (1.45 Crore) populations by the end of 2019. Ibn Khaldun and Ibn al-Athir say that the governor had Shi'ite inclinations. printing press and railways, alongwith political reforms brought major social changes and the institution of nation state started to take shape. In 1751 AD, he invaded Punjab the third time and this time the Mughal governor Mir Mannu ceded Lahore and Multan to him and regained governorship under Abdali. 132 - 134, Penguin Books, (2012). 4, Oxford University Press, (2015). It was through such conspiracies that the Shias masterminded the separation of East Pakistan and thus satiated their thirst for the blood of the Sunnis". The capital city of Hyderabad was primarily Urdu-speaking Muslim until the Incorporation of Hyderabad into India and the subsequent rise to dominance of the native Telugu-speaking Hindu people of Telangana. [36], Communal Harmony, known as Ganga-Jamuni Tehzeeb, is integral to the Culture of Hyderabad. “Dihli Urdu Akhbar”, 22 March 1940, Compiled by Khawaja Ahmad Farooqi, Department of Urdu, Delhi University, (1972). The Nizam allied himself with the British early on, with ensuing political stability. He was an influential general in the Qutb Shahi dynasty and after alienation in Abdullah Qutb Shah's court, he shifted his loyalty to the Mughal court. In 1589 AD, He was assassinated in Lahore, his grave was exhumed and his body mutilated and then put to fire by his opponents. Because of turmoil in Iran, many Shia scholars and Syeds immigrated to this city. Gordon Johnson, "Provincial Politics and Indian Nationalism – Bombay and the Indian National Congress 1880 – 1915", p. 85, Cambridge University Press, (2005). Shias also claim to be sidelined in India, hence the All India Shia Personal Law Board was formed after segregation from the All India Muslim Personal Law Board in 2005 to address the legal needs of the Shia population. 11, section 1, pp-247. [194], While Mir Sadiq and Mir Alam belonged to the Sunni sect of their respective rulers, Mir Jafar was actually a Shia but so was Siraj-ul Daula, whom he deserted for political benefits. M. Ishaq, "Hakim Bin Jabala - An Heroic Personality of Early Islam", Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society, pp. Hyderabad Population 2019 –12.2464 Million. The connection between the Indus Valley and Shia Islam was established by the initial Muslim missions. On his way to Ghazni from India in 1206 AD, he was killed. The community with over eight lakhs population feels ignored as it has no representation in the legislative bodies. 168,471 items / 1,313,441 views From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Shia Muslims are a large minority among India's Muslims. [123] Mir George Ali Murad Khan remains one of the few surviving first class rulers of the old Indian Empire, still holding a public Majlis every Muharram at his sprawling palace, Faiz Mahal. A. Truschke, "Aurangzeb: The Man and The Myth", Penguin, (2017). In 1831 CE, a mob attacked the Shia neighborhood of Srinagar, Kashmir. Former Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru adapted its design and turned it into his trademark Nehru Jacket, further popularizing the garment. Him and his contemporary in Deccan, Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, are perhaps the most enlightened and progressive Kings in Indian history. Guests can now reply in ALL forum topics (No registration required! He established a separate Sunni Imambargah at Phul Katora and asked Sunnis to wear red or yellow dress instead of black, and carry a decorated charyari flag instead of the traditional black alam-e-Abbas. His order inscribed on the Firozshah Kotla Mosque, reads that ‘Shias had published tracts and books on their creed, and engaged in the preaching the faith’. You will know that this is the best place for you and your followers. Shivaji was a religious man like Aurangzeb, and in 1674 AD, he crowned himself Chatrapati in a traditional Hindu Coronation at Rajgarh. This kingdom was known for its wealth: it is the only one among the Deccan sultanates to have a currency of gold coins. The bride also wears a matching ghoonghat (veil) over her head. According to the Allahabad Treaty signed by the Mughal Emperor and Robert Clive, the British troops and advisers, to be paid by Nawab, were deployed in Awadh. Parallel to it was the Ismaili Shia Fatimid Caliphate (909–1171 AD) in Egypt and North Africa. J. N. Hollister, "The Shi'a of India", p. 178, Luzac and Co, London, (1953). 12 – 14, Oxford University press, (2012). Badshahi Ashurkhana, the first Imambargah in the subcontinent, built in 1591 AD, Co-education in Golconda: this painting represents a scene in a school with an old teacher seated in the middle in the mid 17th century CE, Sir Ratan Tata Art Collection 22.3427. He wrote: "(Qutb-ul Mulk) popularized rifz (a derogatory term for Shi'ism) and criticism of the companions of Prophet, both being a sign of infidelity and heresy, to the extent that the entire Kingdom had abandoned the Sunni faith". Gazetteer of Makran and Kharan District, p. 113, (1907). [11] In 1921, in the census for Bihar and Orissa, 3711 Shias were counted separately, but the outcome was clearly absurd because an estimate made at the time placed the numbers at 17,000, i.e. On the other hand, Mufti Mahmood, Molana Samiul Haq, Ihsan Illahi Zaheer and others wrote and spoke furiously against Shias. It is distinct by its mixture of vocabulary from Turkish, Persian and Arabic, as well in some vocabulary from Telugu and Marathi that are not found in the standard dialect of Urdu. We believe that healthy conversation can lead to progress. This offered British a chance to expand in Bombay, the Treaty of Salbai signed in 1782 AD neutralized Maratha threat for 20 years. The state initially turned a blind eye. The Delhi empire carried this legacy of attachment with Ahlulbayt and the family of Caliph Abu Bakr. 249 – 256, Ma'rifat Publishing House, Canberra, (1980). [26] In 2007, a replica of the famous Charminar monument in Hyderabad was built at the main crossing of Bahadurabad. Mushirul Hasan notes: "There was in addition, a concerted move to discourage Shia-Sunni marriages, portray Shias as sexually promiscuous, describe them as heretics and depict them as traitors to the country and as enemies of Islam. When General Zia ul-Haq, the former military ruler of Pakistan, introduced new laws to make Zakat deductions mandatory for every Muslim during the 1980s, Tehrik-e-Jafaria held a large public demonstration in Islamabad to compel the government to exempt the Shia Muslim community from this law. The Mirs, who are Shias and the Sayads of Rohri, Sukkur and Shikarpur are lavish in their expenditure on these. He continued his protest there too. Rizvi has given more details about time, places and circumstances in which these attacks were carried out. The next year, Ibrahim went to Kufah and Nafs al-Zakiyah to Medina and started planning the revolt. The vernacular languages, patronized by the government, took new shape as they were used for new purposes, and they became more sharply distinguished by the development of standardized norms. 45–46, 381, as cited in: S. A. N. Rezavi, ", Ibn Sa'd, 8:346. [66] In the debates about the history of Islam, he used to advocate Shia point of view with missionary zeal. (the last Friday of Ramadan). His disciples Mufti Muhammad Quli Musavi and Molana Syed Muhammad Naqvi also wrote rejoinders. [100] His son Shuja-ud Daula succeeded him. The Nizam was the Muslim ruler of the vast princely Hyderabad State. The Shias of Kurram valley requested to join British India once more and the valley was finally annexed to British India in 1892. At the same time, these decades were marked by a rich profusion and elaboration of voluntary organizations; a surge in publication of newspapers, pamphlets and posters; and the writing of fiction and poetry as well as political, philosophical, and historical non-fiction. However, the magistrate came to know about it the night before. Aurangzeb assassinated the leader of Bohra Ismaili Shias, Syedna Qutb-ud Din. Another dynasty in the Deccan, the Nizam Shahis of Ahmadnagar, was founded in 1490 AD by Ahmad Nizam Shah, the son of a Hindu convert to Islam. [261] In Lucknow Hindus regularly join Muslims in the Azadari and Alam processions. [209] On 6 July 1985, police opened fire on a Shia demonstration in Quetta, killing 17 Shias. Ghani Khan reports: “Heaven and houris were promised to those who killed the Shias. [201] It is important to note here that the Shia ulema were becoming part of religious alliances and not supporting secularism. [137] The emergence of Lucknow as an intellectual hub for Shi'ism in North India during the reign of the nawabs of Awdh played significant role in introduction of organised Shi'ism and Shia scholarship to Punjab. A groom may use gold brocade for his wedding sherwani, but otherwise good taste dictates understated colors, albeit with rich and textured fabrics. In 1956, thousands of armed villagers gathered to attack Azadari in the small town of Shahr Sultan, but were stopped by Police from killing. Their statistics given in the Gazetteer of the districts of Punjab is representative of the overall spread of the new sect. To understand the Shia-State relations in Medieval India, it is necessary to look at the nature of Sunni Islam that was brought to this region following the conquest of the Ghurids. President Musharraf banned Lashkar-e-Jhangvi and Sipah-e-Muhammad. By the end of fourteenth century AD, the southern and eastern parts of Delhi sultanate proclaimed independence and two separate kingdoms emerged: Jaunpur Sultanate in the east and the Bahmani Sultanate in the southern part of India. Some of the people are idolaters, but the most part are Saracens". In 1853, Gauhar Aman attacked Gilgit and appealed to its people for help. [3], Pakistan is said to have a Shia population of at least 16 million, like India. This state of affairs was perfect for sectarian conflicts to grow. He particularly urged Muslims to give up the keeping of ta’ziyahs. However, there has been no particular … This deviation from the real origins of Shia Islam[238] and the anti-semitic, ahistorical narrative has been an ideological basis for the crimes of genocidal nature against Shias. Recommend. However, when the news of Tipu's death reached Pune, Baji Rao said that he had lost his right arm. This move against the Non-Muslim citizen was supported by Shias and Ahmadis too. [21][22][23] Muhammad ibn Qasim had moved on to invade Sindh after this incident, and history is silent about how he treated the Shias of Sindh. Hyderabad has grown by 262,747 since 2015, which represents a 2.70% annual change. The Sunnis also consider it proper to mourn on the occasion, but in moderation. Another cultural practice unique to the region is Tasmia Qwani also known as Bismillah Ceremony, family ceremony in which a Muslim child is initiated to read the Quran. Molana Abdul Shakoor Lakhnavi devised a clever plan to widen the gulf between the Shias and Sunnis. The foundations of Shi'i theology in present-day Pakistan were laid by Qazi Nurullah Shustari who stayed in Lahore from 1586 AD to 1599 AD. In a letter he advises Sunnis to not greet Shias first, and if a Shia greets them first, their response should be cold. [127] The Gazetteer of Gilgit agency reads: "Wherever Sunnis and Shias are found living together, they seem to practice a mutual tolerance rare in other Muhammadan communities. Soon he suffered a military defeat and fled to the Mughal King Humayun in Lahore. Yusuf Adil Shah of Ottoman Turk origin, the adopted son of a Shia scholar Mahmud Gawan, declared autonomy in Bijapur in 1489 AD after his father was executed by the drunk king, and proclaimed Shi‘ism as the state religion in 1502 AD. Mahmud Gawan Madrasa was built by Mahmud Gawan, the Shia scholar and Vizier, in 1460 AD. He used to arrange public gatherings in Muharram himself. [131], Besides Turi and Bangash people of Kurram valley, many Orakzai Pashtuns in Tirah, and some in Kohat, Peshawar and Shirani country also professed Shi'ism. With the start of colonial rule in 1857, religious institutions and scholars lost most of the financial support they enjoyed previously. He put an end to the Chak rule. They looted the belongings and raped the women. The Shia Muslim community members in Hyderabad are worried about the exhausted space for burials. In his view, Sunnis should not marry Shias, avoid eating their food and the animals slaughtered by a Shia.[161]. In the 1890s, some communal Hindu leaders called for a boycott of what they thought was a Muslim festival. Shia Muslims Hyderabad organisation, Hyderabad. He was not just writing books, he was continuously in touch with Shias of India by writing and responding to their letters. [21][22], A section of Hyderabadi Muslims are of Hadhrami Arab origin, who came to serve in the Nizam's military. As cited in: S. A. N. Rezavi, ", Lataif-i Ashrafi, Vol. The Shias retaliated by reciting Tabarra or abuse of the first three Caliphs in their own processions, since they saw them as usurpers who were hostile to the rightful Caliph Ali and his family. The following statement is inscribed on his grave: "The learned of all learned, the exponent of Divine law in eloquent and elegant tongue, the source of all guidance in the land of Hind and Bengal. [59] Their independence was lost when the Mughal Emperor Akbar forced them to pay tribute. In 1931 and 1941, the effort to make a separate enumeration of Shias was generally discontinued".[12]. Across Pakistan, authorities report increased health and security services in areas dense in Shia population, including Karachi, Hyderabad, Peshawar, Islamabad, and Nawabshah. The gold offered and the houris promised proved too much for them. Being under my protection, you have no enemies to fear". The account of his death made the Maratha opposition fiercer. Shia, Iranian-origin women visiting from elsewhere apprecaite the ready made community to connect with others. Shias also started to modify the practice in order to popularize it. This figure was recorded at 77,49,334 in 2011 census. [48], In 1381 AD, after Timur invaded Iran, Mir Syed Ali Hamdani, an Iranian Sufi arrived in Kashmir with a large number of disciples and preached Islam. Husain Ahmad Madani (1879–1957), principal of the renowned seminary at Deoband along with other Jam'iyat al-'Ulama' leaders, jumped into the fray. The Afridi’s listened. They have been conspiring with our foreign enemies and with the Jews. In this regard, the best example is that of Ruhullah Khan whose Shi'ism only came to his knowledge when he was buried as a Shia according to his will. He supervised the compilation of an encyclopedia of religious rulings, called fatawa Alamgiri, in which Shias were said to be heretics. [34][35], In 1005 AD, Sultan Mahmud of Ghazna invaded Multan. While Hyderabadi Muslims take pride in their "Nawabi" language, literature, poetry, architecture, and cuisine. S. A. If they tried doing it, he would demolish it and say to them: "You are merchants, what need have you of a fortress? )× Existing user? The performing arts are often overlooked, especially regarding Hyderabadi culture. [147] The Muharram mourning was observed throughout Sindh. "[164], The killers of Shias are well organised. By the end of the 18th century, influence of the Wahhabi movement led by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab had started to touch Indian shores through Indian Hajj pilgrims and clerics visiting Hijaz. The Shia and Sunni orators started to challenge each other in religious debates and hence earn money as well as publicity, the most famous were Abdul Shakoor Lakhnavi (Sunni) and Maqbool Ahmad Dihlavi (ex-Sunni).[185]. Mobile friendly prayer times for Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. [67] However, the killer of Mulla Ahmad Thathavi was served justice by Emperor Akbar. As his influence increased in the Mughal court so did the cold war between the Shia and Sunni elites. [235] The sayings of Prophet Muhammad mentioning the term "Shias of Ali",[236] and the presence of a group of the companions of Prophet known for their reverence to Ali[237] were also excluded from his painting of Shia history. Gazetteer of the North West Frontier Province (NWFP), p. 240, (1907). Shia Muslims 1.1 Demographics. Shias saw it an attempt to sabotage the remembrance of the tragedy of Karbala and started to recite tabarra in response. He ordered the Khutba to be read in the names of the twelve Shia Imams. [100] Shias of Kashmir were also massacred in an organised campaign after Afghans took power. In Vizinagaram 109 of the Alams are carried by Hindus. According to one senior Pakistani journalist who witnessed these events, Iranian leader Ayatollah Khomeini played an important role in this agreement being reached, and he sought assurances from General Zia al-Haq that Shia demands would be met. Some Shias from Punjab also settled there. We will rid Pakistan of unclean people. [210] Shias responded and 11 attackers were killed. . In 1863, he collectively punished the population of Darel for not supporting his army against an invasion from Chitral. Abbas Zaidi in his detailed study of media coverage of the crimes against Shias of Pakistan, argues that both the state and the private media houses have adopted a policy of justification and denial. In the following four centuries, Sunni Ulema and militia of the area and abroad, led ten campaigns of terror against Shias known as "Taraaj-e Shia" in the years: 1548 AD, 1585 AD, 1635 AD, 1686 AD, 1719 AD, 1741 AD, 1762 AD, 1801 AD, 1830 AD and 1872 AD; during which the Shia villages were plundered, people slaughtered, women raped, libraries burnt, corpses mutilated and their sacred sites destroyed. [30][31] This is compared to most Hyderabadi Muslims, who have ancestries from various ethnic origins, and are less a homogeneous group. Frequently cited examples were Mir Sadiq, diwan of Tipu Sultan; Mir Alam, divan of Hyderabad; Mir Jafar, diwan of Siraj ud-Daula, or the Bilgrami family. Safdar Sial, "A Debate on Takfeer and Khurooj", p. 102, Narratives, Lahore (2012). [161] His book targeting Shia history and beliefs, Tauhfa Ithna Ashari, is widely taught in Sunni seminaries of modern South Asia. In Muharram 1955, attacks took place on at least 25 places in Punjab. In the tenth and eleventh centuries,The Twelver Shias of the Buyid Dynasty (934–1055 AD) managed to establish their rule over much of Iran and Iraq without removing the Abbasid Caliph from his throne. Shah Abd al-Aziz was also a flag-bearer of anti-science orthodoxy. Just as our fighters have waged a successful jihad against the Shia Hazara in Afghanistan, our mission in Pakistan is the abolition of this impure sect and its followers from every city, every village, and every nook and corner of Pakistan. Enjoy the videos and music you love, upload original content, and share it all with friends, family, and the world on YouTube. In Pakistan, most of the Hyderabadi migrants are settled in the southern port city of Karachi. [73] During Shah Jahan's rule over North India, Shi'ism was introduced in Bengal under patronage of his son Shah Shuja, and the second Imambargah of the subcontinent, Hussaini Dalan, was built in the capital city of Dhaka. The Piggott committee concluded that the recitation of Charyari verses in an organised way, and converting Tazia processions into Charyari processions, was an ‘innovation’ since 1906. A. Rizvi, "A Socio-Intellectual History of Isna Ashari Shi'is in India", Vol. Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah (1565–1612 AD) is the first Urdu poet to have compiled and published a divan[56] and also the first to write a Marsiya in Urdu. Upon his return to India, he first went to the Qutb Shahi court in Golkonda and then in 1583, he joined Akbar's court. Elites like the Qizilbashs in Lahore, Faqirs and Gardezis in Multan and Shah Jiwana and Rajoa Sa'dat in Jhang contributed heavily to the spread of Shi'ism in Punjab. [76] Aurangzeb gathered a board of Sunni jurists and tasked them with a compilation of Hanafi rulings later known as Fatawa Alamgiri. As cited in: S. A. N. Rezavi, ", Minhaj us-Siraj, pp. Ismailism managed to survive in Sind and enjoyed the protection of the Soomras, a dynasty based in Thatta for almost three centuries starting in 1051 AD. Since some of these verses ‘were positively objectionable in that they contained abuse of Shias and of their beliefs’, their recitation was found provocative by the Shias. He returned with a stronger force and conquered Gilgit.[53]. According to Derryl N. Maclean, a link between Sindh and Shias or proto-Shias can be traced to Hakim ibn Jabalah al-Abdi, a companion of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad, who traveled across Sind to Makran in the year 649AD and presented a report on the area to the Caliph. The Shia’s are distributed throughout the country, they are found in such places: Multan, Jhang, Faisalabad, Karachi, Hyderabad, Peshawar and Rawalpindi. The next day on Chhelum, there was an incident at Patanala, a narrow lane in Lucknow, housing the Dar al Muballaghin, a Sunni religious institution run by Maulana Abdul Shakur. 63–64, Abacus, (2006). Some famous Hyderabadi cuisine (dishes) that are served at weddings are: Hyderabadi Biryani, Haleem, Khubani ka Mitha, Gil-e-Firdaus, Double Ka Meetha, Luqmi, Kaddu ki Kheer (A type of Kheer), Mirchi ka Salan and Baghare Baigan. The Adil Shahi dynasty stayed independent until 1686 AD when it was annexed to the Mughal Empire by Aurangzeb. 142 likes. Moreover, authorities have warned against anti-Shia propaganda and hate-inciting publications. [192], With increasing incidents of violence and having lost political influence in Awdh and Bengal, Shias started to practice Taqiyya on individual level. He says: "some of them showed me religious decrees issued in the printed form that said: women of Shias and Qadiyanis are your slaves, their properties are halal and their killing is a religious necessity".[241]. [258][259][260], The Hindu rulers of Vijayanagar during the 16th and 17th centuries even donned blackened garments and helped to arrange the Kala Tazia (Black Tazia) processions. A. Rizvi, "Shah Abd al-Aziz", p. 357, Ma’rifat Publishing House, Canberra, (1982). did not celebrate the Muharram today. [15] Thousands of Hyderabadi Muslims emigrated from the then integrated Indian state of Andhra Pradesh to Pakistan, the UK, the U.S. and Canada, resulting in a large diaspora. Mourning of Muharram is observed by the Shia community. They came from neighboring Malihabad, Kanpur, Delhi, Meerut and from as far as Peshawar. The connection between the Indus Valley and Shia Islam was established by the initial Muslim missions. Rouhani is also likely to address a meeting of Iranians settled in Hyderabad. This move was praised by many, especially Muslims of Hyderabad who spoke Urdu as their mother tongue. This protest resulted in the "Islamabad Agreement" in which the government agreed to introduce a separate syllabus for Shia students in public schools, as well as exempt the Shia community from the Zakat law, since Shia consider Zakat as a personal tax (to be paid to the needy) not collectible by the state. While in past few decades, to address the legal needs and political support of the Shi'a population in Pakistan, organisations like Tehrik-e-Jafaria Pakistan and Imamia Students Organisation were formed, while Sipah-e-Muhammad Pakistan, a Shia militant group, was formed to deter the militancy against Shias by Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan as well as Lashkar-e-Jhangvi, Deobandi militant groups. They were found in Gwadar, Pasni, and Isai. [220] He says: "the media reports Shia killing in one of three ways: denial, obfuscation, and justification. 109 – 114, Oxford University Press, (2015). His son Burhan Shah became staunch Shia under the influence of Shah Tahir Junaidi. He also translated a number of scientific books, e.g. He spoke at a public meeting in Lucknow on 17 March 1938 sharing the platform with the firebrand head of the Dar al-Muballighin, Maulvi 'Abdul Shakoor, and Maulana Zafarul Mulk, chief exponent of Madh-e Sahaba in Lucknow".[194]. In 1545 AD, Hamayun with the help of Iranian military genius Bayram Khan, launched attack on Qandhar and then seized Kabul.

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